History of Canada
The history of Canada begins with the arrival of the Paleo-Indians thousands of years ago. Indigenous peoples inhabited these lands for millennia, developing distinct trade networks, spiritual beliefs, and social structures. Some of these early civilizations had faded before European contact and are known through archaeology. Their long presence established the foundational human history of the land.
French and British expeditions explored and colonized the region from the late 15th century. Jacques Cartier claimed the land for New France in 1534, with permanent settlement at Quebec City in 1608. France ceded its possessions to Great Britain in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. The British Province of Quebec was later divided and then united as the Province of Canada by the Act of Union in 1841.
In 1867, the Province of Canada joined with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in Confederation. This created a self-governing Dominion named Canada. Over the next eighty-two years, the country expanded by incorporating other parts of British North America. This growth concluded with Newfoundland and Labrador joining in 1949.
Although Canada had responsible government from 1848, Britain set foreign policy until after World War I. The Statute of Westminster in 1931 recognized Canada as co-equal with the United Kingdom. The Patriation of the Constitution in 1982 removed the last legal ties to the British parliament. Today, Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with ten provinces and three territories.
Timeline
- 500 BCEDorset culture
The Dorset were a distinct Paleo-Eskimo culture that thrived in the Arctic for nearly 2000 years before being replaced by the ancestors of the Inuit.
- 1434Vinland Map
The Vinland Map is a 20th-century forgery on medieval parchment that falsely purported to be a 15th-century map showing Norse discovery of North America, definitively exposed...
- 1534New France
New France was the French colony in North America from 1534 to 1763, whose cultural and demographic legacy shapes modern Quebec and Acadian Canada.
- 1534Canada
Canada was a French colony in North America from 1608 to 1763, centred on the Saint Lawrence River and foundational to the culture and identity of modern Quebec.
- 1609Beaver Wars
The Beaver Wars were a century of conflict that reshaped Indigenous power and colonial rivalries in eastern North America.
- 1610Cupids
Cupids, Newfoundland and Labrador, is the oldest continuously settled British colony in Canada, founded in 1610, and a foundational site in the nation's early English history.
- 1667Acadia
Acadia was a French colony in northeastern North America, conquered by Britain in 1710, whose Acadian inhabitants were later deported, leading to a global diaspora and a...
- 1670Rupert's Land
Rupert's Land was a vast HBC controlled territory encompassing the Hudson Bay watershed, whose 1870 transfer to Canada was the largest land purchase in the nation's history,...
- 1670North-Western Territory
The North-Western Territory was a vast, informally administered region of British North America whose transfer to Canada in 1870 was a foundational act of national expansion,...
- 1680Wabanaki Confederacy
The Wabanaki Confederacy is a historic and enduring alliance of five Eastern Algonquian First Nations, formed in the 1680s to resist colonial and Iroquois threats in the...
- 1688King William's War
King William's War (1689 to 1697) was the first major colonial conflict between New France and New England, a brutal frontier struggle shaped by Indigenous alliances and...
- 1688French and Indian Wars
The French and Indian Wars were a series of North American conflicts from 1688 to 1763 that ended with British conquest of New France, reshaping the continent and sowing the...
- 1692Iron Confederacy
The Iron Confederacy was a dominant 18th and 19th century alliance of Plains Cree, Assiniboine, Saulteaux, Stoney, and Métis peoples that controlled trade and hunting on the...
- 1710Annapolis Royal
Annapolis Royal, founded in 1605, is one of North America's oldest European settlements and a former colonial capital, renowned for its deep historical significance and...
- 1722Dummer's War
Dummer's War was an important early 18th-century frontier conflict between New England and the Wabanaki Confederacy, rooted in territorial disputes and culminating in treaties...
- 1744King George's War
King George's War (1744 to 1748) was the North American conflict between Britain and France that resulted in the colonial capture and subsequent return of Louisbourg, leaving...
- 1749Father Le Loutre's War
Father Le Loutre's War was a brutal six-year conflict from 1749 to 1755 that determined control of Nova Scotia and triggered the tragic displacement of the Acadian people.
- 1754French and Indian War
The French and Indian War was the North American conflict from 1754 to 1763 that resulted in France ceding Canada to Britain, fundamentally shaping the continent's future.
- 1754Sixty Years' War
The Sixty Years' War (1754 to 1815) was a prolonged struggle for the Great Lakes region that shaped the borders and destinies of Canada and the United States.
- 1756Seven Years' War
The Seven Years' War was a global conflict from 1756 to 1763 that resulted in British conquest of New France, fundamentally shaping Canada's political and cultural foundations.
- 1758Battle of Carillon
The 1758 Battle of Carillon was a decisive French victory where Montcalm's entrenched army repelled Abercromby's disastrous frontal assault, marking the bloodiest clash of the...
- 1759Battle of the Plains of Abraham
The Battle of the Plains of Abraham was a decisive 1759 British victory that led to the fall of Quebec and ultimately French Canada, reshaping North American history.
- 1763Pontiac's War
Pontiac's War was a major Indigenous uprising from 1763 to 1766 that challenged British rule in the Great Lakes region, leading to the Royal Proclamation and reshaping...
- 1763Treaty of Paris (1763)
The Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the Seven Years' War, transferring New France to Britain and reshaping North America's political scene.
- 1763Province of Quebec (1763 to 1791)
The Province of Quebec (1763 to 1791) was a British colony that governed former New France, shaping Canada's legal duality and territorial structure before its division into...
- 1775Invasion of Quebec (1775)
The 1775 to 1776 American invasion of Quebec was a failed military campaign to seize the British province and rally French-Canadian support, culminating in a decisive British...
- 1783British North America
British North America was the period of British colonial rule in the territories that became Canada, lasting from 1783 until Confederation in 1867.
- 1787North West Company
The North West Company was a dominant fur trading enterprise based in Montreal from 1779 to 1821, whose exploration and fierce competition with the Hudson's Bay Company shaped...
- 1789Nootka Crisis
The Nootka Crisis was an 18th-century diplomatic confrontation between Spain and Britain over sovereignty and trade in the Pacific Northwest, resolved by treaties that opened...
- 1791Upper Canada
Upper Canada was a British colony from 1791 to 1841, established for Loyalist settlers and encompassing modern southern Ontario, which played a key role in Canada's early...
- 1791Lower Canada
Lower Canada was a British colony from 1791 to 1841, defined by its French-Canadian majority and a political struggle that led to rebellion and its union with Upper Canada.
- 1797Law Society of Ontario
The Law Society of Ontario is the historic self-regulatory body governing lawyers and paralegals in the province, with a mandate to uphold professional standards in the public interest.
- 1811Red River Colony
The Red River Colony was a private settlement in present-day Manitoba whose turbulent history of conflict and multicultural development led directly to the founding of the...
- 1812War of 1812
The War of 1812 was a conflict where the United States failed to conquer British North America, resulting in a stalemate peace but forging a lasting sense of Canadian identity...
- 1812Pemmican War
The Pemmican War was a violent commercial conflict from 1812 to 1821 between the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, centred on control of the pemmican trade and...
- 1837Rebellions of 1837 to 1838
The Rebellions of 1837 to 1838 were armed uprisings in Upper and Lower Canada that, though defeated, catalyzed political reforms leading toward Canadian self-government and...
- 1837Lower Canada Rebellion
The Lower Canada Rebellion was a failed 1837-38 armed uprising against British colonial rule that led to the union of the Canadas and the advent of responsible government.
- 1838Patriot War
The Patriot War was a failed 1837-38 border conflict where American sympathizers and exiled Canadian rebels launched raids to overthrow British rule in Upper Canada.
- 1840Act of Union 1840
The Act of Union 1840 merged Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada, a flawed political experiment whose instability and sectional conflict directly contributed to...
- 1840Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
Canadian Aboriginal syllabics are a unique family of writing systems, developed in the 19th century and still used today to write Cree, Inuktitut, and other Indigenous...
- 1841Province of Canada
The Province of Canada was a British colony (1841 to 1867) where responsible government was forged, setting the stage for Confederation and the creation of Ontario and Quebec.
- 1848Colony of Vancouver Island
The Colony of Vancouver Island was a British colony from 1849 to 1866, important in establishing British sovereignty and settlement on the West Coast before merging into the...
- 1858Colony of British Columbia (1858 to 1866)
The Colony of British Columbia (1858 to 1866) was a crown colony established during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush to secure British sovereignty, founded by Richard Clement Moody...
- 1859Pig War (1859)
The Pig War was a bloodless 1859 border standoff between the U.S. and Britain over the San Juan Islands, resolved by arbitration in 1872 in America's favour.
- 1861Liberal Party of Canada
The Liberal Party of Canada is the country's oldest and historically dominant federal political party, currently led by Prime Minister Mark Carney and responsible for many of...
- 1862Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada
The Black Watch of Canada is Montreal's senior Highland reserve infantry regiment, with a 160-year history of service from the World Wars to modern domestic operations.
- 1866Fenian raids
The Fenian raids were a series of failed Irish-American incursions into Canada from 1866 to 1871 that inadvertently strengthened the push for Confederation and shaped early...
- 1867Canadian Confederation
Canadian Confederation was the 1867 union of British North American colonies into the Dominion of Canada, a foundational event commemorated each Canada Day.
- 1867Canadian Army
The Canadian Army is Canada's land force, with a history from colonial militias, currently organized into functional divisions for manoeuvre, domestic defence, support, and training.
- 1867Constitution Act, 1867
The Constitution Act, 1867 created the Dominion of Canada and established the framework for its federal government and division of powers.
- 1867Minister of Finance
The Minister of Finance is a senior Cabinet minister responsible for Canada's economic policy, federal budget, and oversight of key financial institutions.
- 1867Government of Canada
The Government of Canada is the federal executive authority, implementing laws and governing through a Cabinet led by the prime minister under Canada's constitutional monarchy.
- 1867Governor General of Canada
The Governor General of Canada is the monarch's representative, performing constitutional and ceremonial duties to ensure the continuity of Canada's parliamentary democracy and...
- 1867House of Commons of Canada
The House of Commons is Canada's elected federal legislative body, where 343 MPs debate laws, scrutinize government, and represent ridings across the country.
- 1867Parliament of Canada
The Parliament of Canada is the bicameral federal legislature, comprising the Crown, an appointed Senate, and an elected House of Commons, which makes laws and holds the...
- 1867Cabinet of Canada
The Cabinet of Canada is the senior council of ministers, led by the prime minister, that forms the executive core of the federal government and directs national policy.
- 1869Home Children
The British Home Children were over 100,000 child migrants sent to Canada as indentured labourers, a foundational yet painful chapter in Canadian immigration history.
- 1869Red River Rebellion
The Red River Rebellion was an 1869-70 uprising by the Métis of the Red River Colony that led to the negotiated creation of Manitoba, though it was followed by military...
- 1873Royal Canadian Mounted Police
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is Canada's national police service, providing federal law enforcement and contracted local policing amid ongoing reforms and public scrutiny.
- 1873North-West Mounted Police
The North-West Mounted Police was a paramilitary force established in 1873 to impose Canadian law and sovereignty in the western territories, evolving into the modern Royal...
- 1873Leader of the Official Opposition
The leader of the Official Opposition is the head of the largest party not in government, a constitutionally recognized role central to Canada's parliamentary democracy.
- 1875Supreme Court of Canada
The Supreme Court of Canada is the nation's highest court, a bilingual and bijural institution of nine justices that serves as the final arbiter of law and guardian of the Constitution.
- 1879Royal Canadian Army Cadets
The Royal Canadian Army Cadets is a federally funded national youth program, established in 1861, that develops leadership and citizenship in Canadians aged 12 to 18 through...
- 1883Royal Canadian Regiment
The Royal Canadian Regiment is Canada's oldest permanent force infantry unit, with a distinguished service record from the North-West Rebellion to modern deployments.
- 1885North-West Rebellion
The 1885 North-West Rebellion was an armed conflict where Métis and First Nations fighters challenged Canadian authority over land and rights, leading to military defeat,...
- 1885Mohawk Institute Residential School
The Mohawk Institute was Canada's longest-running residential school, operating from 1828 to 1970, where thousands of Indigenous children suffered abuse and cultural erasure.
- 1890Kamloops Indian Residential School
The Kamloops Indian Residential School was a large, church-run institution that operated for 88 years, symbolizing the forced assimilation and deep suffering inflicted by...
- 1891Maskwacis
Maskwacis is a central Alberta community and cultural hub for four Cree First Nations, known for its educational institutions, commitment to Treaty rights, and ongoing work in...
- 1896Klondike Gold Rush
The Klondike Gold Rush was a frenzied migration of 100,000 prospectors to Canada's Yukon after an 1896 gold discovery, creating Dawson City and leaving a lasting mark on the North.
- 1896Canadian Bar Association
The Canadian Bar Association is Canada's largest voluntary professional organization for lawyers, judges, and legal professionals, dedicated to advocacy, professional...
- 1899Second Boer War
The Second Boer War was a brutal conflict from 1899 to 1902, where British imperial forces fought the independent Boer republics over gold, territory, and political control in...
- 1901Lord Strathcona's Horse
Lord Strathcona's Horse is a Canadian Army armoured regiment with a distinguished history from the 1900 Boer War to modern operations, renowned for its cavalry heritage,...
- 1905Garrison Petawawa
Garrison Petawawa is a major Canadian Army base in Ontario, serving as a key training and operational centre for mechanized and special operations forces while deeply...
- 1909United Farmers of Alberta
The United Farmers of Alberta evolved from a dominant political force governing the province for 14 years into a major agricultural cooperative that remains a pillar of Western...
- 1910Royal Canadian Navy
The Royal Canadian Navy is Canada's maritime defence force, operating a fleet of warships and submarines from bases on both coasts while facing ongoing challenges in personnel...
- 1914Komagata Maru incident
The 1914 Komagata Maru incident saw 376 British subjects from India denied entry to Canada due to racist immigration laws, leading to a forced return and deadly violence in...
- 1914Canadian Expeditionary Force
The Canadian Expeditionary Force was the national army Canada raised to fight in the First World War, whose service and sacrifice forged a new sense of Canadian identity.
- 1917Conscription Crisis of 1917
The Conscription Crisis of 1917 was a defining and divisive episode in Canadian history, pitting English against French Canada over mandatory military service during the First...
- 1920Royal Canadian Air Force
The Royal Canadian Air Force is Canada's air and space force, responsible for continental defence, search and rescue, and supporting domestic and international military operations.
- 1920Canadian Historical Review
The Canadian Historical Review is Canada's leading scholarly journal of history, publishing authoritative research and analysis on the nation's past since 1920.
- 1921Defence Scheme No. 1
Defence Scheme No. 1 was Canada's 1921 contingency plan for a pre-emptive invasion of the United States, designed to delay an American attack until British reinforcements arrived.
- 1921Department of National Defence
The Department of National Defence is Canada's civilian government department that provides policy, financial, and administrative support to the Canadian Armed Forces,...
- 1926Canadian Coast Guard
The Canadian Coast Guard is a civilian federal agency responsible for marine safety, icebreaking, environmental response, and aids to navigation across Canada's extensive coastline.
- 1926King-Byng affair
The 1926 King, Byng affair was a constitutional crisis where Governor General Lord Byng refused Prime Minister Mackenzie King's request to dissolve Parliament, leading to...
- 1928Canadian International Council
The Canadian International Council is a non-partisan charity that since 1928 has fostered informed public debate on foreign policy through research, publications, and a...
- 1930Whisky War
The Whisky War was a half-century, amicable territorial dispute between Canada and Denmark over Hans Island, resolved in 2022 by dividing the island and creating a new land border.
- 1935Transport Canada
Transport Canada is the federal department that regulates and oversees the safety, security, and efficiency of Canada's road, rail, marine, and air transportation systems.
- 1939National Film Board of Canada
The National Film Board of Canada is a foundational Crown corporation that produces and distributes acclaimed documentary and animation films, reflecting the country's...
- 1940Little Norway
Little Norway was a Second World War Royal Norwegian Air Force training camp in Ontario that prepared over 2,500 personnel, strengthening enduring ties between Norway and Canada.
- 1944Conscription Crisis of 1944
The 1944 Conscription Crisis was the politically fraught decision to send home-defence conscripts overseas during World War II, exposing Canada's linguistic divide but avoiding...
- 1946Communications Security Establishment
The Communications Security Establishment is Canada's national cryptologic agency, responsible for foreign intelligence, cybersecurity, and cyber operations to protect national...
- 1946Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations
The Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations is the political voice for 74 Saskatchewan First Nations, advocating for treaty rights and sovereignty while engaged in a major...
- 19481948 Newfoundland referendums
The 1948 Newfoundland referendums were two closely fought votes that led to the Dominion of Newfoundland joining Canada as its tenth province on March 31, 1949.
- 1952Old Age Security
Old Age Security is a universal, taxable pension providing monthly income to eligible Canadian seniors aged 65 and older, with amounts adjusted quarterly for inflation.
- 1953High Arctic relocation
The High Arctic relocation was the forced displacement of Inuit families to Canada's far north in the 1950s, a tragic event driven by sovereignty concerns and flawed social...
- 1957Distant Early Warning Line
The Distant Early Warning Line was a Cold War radar network across the Arctic, built by the US and Canada to detect Soviet bombers, leaving a lasting legacy on Northern...
- 1960Quiet Revolution
The Quiet Revolution was a period of intense socio-political change in 1960s Quebec that secularized the state, nationalized Hydro-Québec, and sparked the modern sovereignty movement.
- 1961New Democratic Party
The New Democratic Party is a social democratic federal party in Canada, founded in 1961, known for advocating expanded public healthcare and social programs while holding...
- 1963Front de libération du Québec
The Front de libération du Québec was a violent Quebec separatist group whose 1970 October Crisis led to the only peacetime use of the War Measures Act in Canada.
- 1964Chief of the Defence Staff
The Chief of the Defence Staff is the senior commander of the Canadian Armed Forces, appointed to advise the government and ensure military readiness.
- 1965La Caisse
La Caisse is a Québec-based global investment group managing $552 billion in pension and insurance funds, with a mandate to deliver returns and foster economic development.
- 1965Canada-United States Automotive Products Agreement
The 1965 Canada, U.S. Auto Pact eliminated bilateral tariffs, integrated the North American automotive industry, and transformed Canada's economy before being ruled illegal and...
- 1966Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
Crown, Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada is the federal department responsible for treaty relationships, rights recognition, and northern development, advancing...
- 1966Canada Pension Plan
The Canada Pension Plan is a foundational, sustainable public pension program providing retirement, disability, and survivor benefits to millions of Canadians, financed through...
- 1967Parti Québécois
The Parti Québécois is a sovereigntist and social democratic political party that has shaped modern Quebec and returned to government in 2026.
- 1967Canadian Centennial
The 1967 Canadian Centennial was a year of nationwide celebration marking 100 years since Confederation, highlighted by Expo 67 and hundreds of local legacy projects.
- 1968Canadian Armed Forces
The Canadian Armed Forces are Canada's unified military, responsible for national defence, domestic emergency response, and international operations under NATO and UN mandates.
- 1970October Crisis
The October Crisis of 1970 was a national emergency triggered by FLQ kidnappings, leading to the peacetime invocation of the War Measures Act, military deployment, and a...
- 1970Canadian Environmental Law Association
The Canadian Environmental Law Association is a legal aid clinic founded in 1970 that provides free services and advocates for environmental justice and law reform in Ontario.
- 1971Statistics Canada
Statistics Canada is the national statistical agency, producing essential data on Canada's population and economy through censuses and surveys.
- 1971Mohawk Warrior Society
The Mohawk Warrior Society is a traditional Haudenosaunee group responsible for community defence and cultural preservation, famously involved in the 1990 Oka Crisis.
- 1980National Energy Program
The National Energy Program was a controversial 1980 to 1985 federal policy aimed at achieving energy self-sufficiency and Canadian ownership, which sparked intense Western...
- 19801980 Quebec referendum
The 1980 Quebec referendum saw voters reject a Parti Québécois proposal for sovereignty-association with Canada by a margin of 59.56% to 40.44%.
- 1982Charlottetown Accord
The Charlottetown Accord was a failed 1992 constitutional amendment package, rejected by national referendum, that aimed to resolve Canada's unity crisis through Quebec...
- 1982Air Creebec
Air Creebec is a fully Cree-owned regional airline, founded in 1982, that provides essential scheduled and charter air service to remote communities in northern Quebec and Ontario.
- 1984Canadian Security Intelligence Service
The Canadian Security Intelligence Service is Canada's civilian national security agency, mandated to investigate threats like terrorism and espionage through intelligence...
- 1987Lemon Party
The Lemon Party of Canada was a satirical federal political party, active from 1987 to 1998, known for its absurd lemon-centric platform and role as a frivolous commentator on...
- 1989Canadian Space Agency
The Canadian Space Agency leads Canada's civil space program, managing astronaut missions, developing satellites and robotics, and partnering internationally on exploration...
- 1990Oka Crisis
The 1990 Oka Crisis was a 78-day armed standoff over a Mohawk burial ground that became a defining moment for Indigenous land rights in Canada.
- 1991Bloc Québécois
The Bloc Québécois is a federal sovereigntist and social democratic party that campaigns only in Quebec to promote the province's independence from Canada.
- 1992Aboriginal Peoples Television Network
The Aboriginal Peoples Television Network is Canada's national Indigenous public broadcaster, providing essential programming in English, French and numerous Indigenous...
- 1993Global Affairs Canada
Global Affairs Canada is the federal department responsible for Canada's diplomacy, international trade, development assistance, and consular services abroad.
- 1994Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada is the federal department that manages immigration, refugee protection, and citizenship, central to shaping Canada's society and economy.
- 19951995 Quebec referendum
The 1995 Quebec referendum saw voters narrowly reject sovereignty by a margin of 54,288 votes, a result that triggered major political resignations and lasting constitutional...
- 1996Kahnawake Gaming Commission
The Kahnawà:ke Gaming Commission is an Indigenous gaming regulator established in 1996, licensing online and land-based gaming under Mohawk jurisdiction.
- 1996Public Services and Procurement Canada
Public Services and Procurement Canada is the federal government's central department for purchasing, property management, pay administration, and other essential internal services.
- 2000Starlight tours
Starlight tours are a lethal police practice of abandoning Indigenous people in the cold, documented from 1976, causing deaths and a single conviction, and symbolizing systemic...
- 2001Documentary Channel
The Documentary Channel was a Canadian specialty television service that provided a dedicated national platform for documentary films from 2001 until its closure in 2026,...
- 2002Canada permanent resident card
The Permanent Resident Card is a mandatory identity and travel document for non-citizens with permanent residency status in Canada, issued by Immigration, Refugees and...
- 2003Canada Border Services Agency
The Canada Border Services Agency is the federal law enforcement body responsible for managing Canada's borders, enforcing customs and immigration laws, and protecting national...
- 2003Canada Revenue Agency
The Canada Revenue Agency is the federal body that collects taxes, administers tax law, and delivers major social benefit programs for the Government of Canada and most...
- 2003Conservative Party of Canada
The Conservative Party of Canada is a major centre-right federal political party, formed in 2003, which governed from 2006 to 2015 and currently serves as the Official Opposition.
- 2003Employment and Social Development Canada
Employment and Social Development Canada is the federal department responsible for Canada's major social programs, labour market policies, and student financial aid, directly...
- 2004Public Health Agency of Canada
The Public Health Agency of Canada is the federal body responsible for national public health, including disease prevention, emergency preparedness, and health promotion.
- 2005Nunatsiavut
Nunatsiavut is a self-governing Inuit region in Labrador, established in 2005 through Canada's first Inuit land claim agreement to include self-government.
- 2006Québec solidaire
Québec solidaire is a left-wing, sovereigntist Quebec political party founded in 2006, known for its feminist, environmentalist platform and unique collective leadership structure.
- 2006Canadian Special Operations Forces Command
The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command is a high-readiness military command responsible for counter-terrorism and special operations to defend Canada and its interests...
- 2006Rhinoceros Party
The Rhinoceros Party is a Canadian federal political party, founded in satire, known for its promise not to keep any promises and its absurdist policy proposals.
- 2008Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada documented the cultural genocide of the residential school system and issued 94 Calls to Action to guide national reconciliation.
- 2010Canada's History
Canada's History is a quarterly magazine, originally The Beaver, that explores the nation's past through articles, a youth edition, and public history programs.
- 2011Coalition Avenir Québec
The Coalition Avenir Québec was a Quebec nationalist political party that governed from 2018 to 2026 before losing all its seats in a historic electoral defeat.
- 2011Minister of Crown-Indigenous Relations
The Minister of Crown-Indigenous Relations leads federal efforts to renew the nation-to-nation relationship with First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples and supports Indigenous...
- 2013Lac-Mégantic rail disaster
The 2013 Lac-Mégantic rail disaster, a catastrophic derailment and explosion caused by an unattended oil train, killed 47 people and devastated the Quebec town, leading to...
- 2016Independent Senators Group
The Independent Senators Group is the largest parliamentary group in the Senate of Canada, championing a non-partisan and modernized Upper House through independent legislative review.
- 2018United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement
The USMCA is a trilateral trade pact that modernized NAFTA, governing over $1.8 trillion in annual North American trade with updated rules on autos, dairy, and digital...
- 2019SNC-Lavalin affair
The SNC-Lavalin affair was a major Canadian political scandal involving improper pressure on the Attorney General to halt a criminal prosecution, resulting in an ethics...
- 2019Canadian Senators Group
The Canadian Senators Group is an independent parliamentary caucus in the Senate of Canada, founded in 2019 to provide a smaller, regionally focused alternative to larger groups.
- 2019Indigenous Services Canada
Indigenous Services Canada is a federal department working to improve service delivery and support self-determination for First Nations, Inuit, and Métis communities.
- 2020Death of Joyce Echaquan
Joyce Echaquan was an Atikamekw woman whose 2020 death in a Quebec hospital, after livestreaming racist abuse from staff, became a national catalyst for examining systemic...
- 2020COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
The COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, lasting from 2020 to 2024 as a acute crisis, resulted in over 4.6 million cases and 60,871 deaths, leading to major public health restrictions...
- 2021Canadian Indian residential school gravesites
The discovery of unmarked graves at former residential school sites has revealed a tragic dimension of Canada's assimilationist policies, prompting national mourning, searches...
- 20212021 Canadian church burnings
A series of arson attacks on Canadian churches beginning in 2021, widely linked to anger over discoveries of unmarked graves at residential school sites, remains largely unsolved.
- 2021Climat Québec
Climat Québec is a minor Quebec political party, founded in 2021, focused on climate action and Quebec sovereignty.
- 2021Census in Canada
The Canadian Census of Population is a mandatory quinquennial survey that provides essential demographic data for governance, planning and research across the nation.
- 2022Canadian Dental Care Plan
The Canadian Dental Care Plan is a federal insurance program providing dental coverage to uninsured residents with a family income under $90,000, representing a major expansion...
- 20252025 Canadian federal election in Alberta
The 2025 federal election in Alberta resulted in a Conservative landslide, fueling regional tensions that led to a 2026 referendum where Albertans voted to remain in Canada.
- 202530th Canadian Ministry
The Thirtieth Canadian Ministry, led by Prime Minister Mark Carney, is the current federal cabinet, formed in March 2025 and governing with a focus on economic strength,...